Cell Mediated Immunity

Cell-mediated immunity is a type of immune response that does not involve antibodies, but instead relies on the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and the release of cytokines in response to the presence of antigens. This arm of the immune system plays a crucial role in defending the body against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, some bacteria, and cancerous cells.

Traditionally, the immune system has been divided into two main branches:

  • Humoral immunity, in which protective responses are mediated by antibodies present in the body's fluids (historically referred to as “humors”).
  • Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity, in which immune cells, rather than antibodies, are responsible for protection.

Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells) play a central role in cell-mediated immunity by coordinating immune responses and enhancing the activity of other immune cells through cytokine signaling. In contrast, cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells) directly kill infected or abnormal cells, often through the induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death). While cytokines are commonly associated with helper T cell responses, cytotoxic T cells can execute their function without always relying on cytokines, highlighting that cytokine involvement is not universal in cell-mediated immunity.

 

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