Species Immunity
Bacteria, and possibly other prokaryotic organisms, employ a unique defense mechanism known as the restriction-modification (R-M) system to protect themselves from viral pathogens such as bacteriophages. In this system, bacteria produce specialized enzymes called restriction endonucleases that recognize and cleave specific sequences within the viral DNA, thereby neutralizing the invading threat. To avoid self-damage, the bacterial host marks its own DNA through methylation, which designates it as "self" and prevents cleavage by its own endonucleases. Notably, both restriction endonucleases and the R-M system are exclusive to prokaryotes, representing a fundamental microbial immune strategy.
In contrast, invertebrates lack lymphocytes and an antibody-mediated humoral immune system, suggesting that a complex, multicomponent adaptive immune system likely evolved with the emergence of vertebrates. Despite this, invertebrates possess innate immune mechanisms that appear to be evolutionary precursors to aspects of vertebrate immunity.
One such mechanism involves pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) proteins found in nearly all organisms that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). A major class of PRRs is the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are present in all coelomates (animals with a body cavity), including humans, and play a central role in initiating immune responses upon pathogen detection.
Additionally, many forms of life, including invertebrates, possess a complement-like system. While vertebrates rely on a fully developed complement cascade to clear pathogens, some invertebrates such as insects, crabs, and worms employ a modified version called the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system. This system participates in immune defense through processes like melanization, which encapsulates and neutralizes pathogens.
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Species Immunity Conference Speakers
Recommended Sessions
- Acquired Immunity
- Anatomical barriers
- Case Studies
- Cell Mediated Immunity
- Immune Response
- Immune System Disorders
- Immune Therapy
- Immunity Vitamins
- Inflammation
- Innate Cancer immunology
- Innate immune evasion
- Innate Immunity
- Invitro measurements
- Neural regulation
- Other species Immunity
- Plant Innate Immunity
- Species Immunity
- Therapeutic applications
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- Public Health Economics - Health Economics 2026 (France)
- Public Health Surveillance and Epidemiology - Public Health-2025 (France)
- Pulmonary and Thoracic Anesthesia - ANESTHESIA MEET 2025 (France)
- Real-World Data Integration in Evidence-Based Research - Healthcare Congress 2026 (Spain)
- Real-World Evidence (RWE) and Real-World Data (RWD) in Clinical Research - EURO CLINICAL TRIALS 2025 (Switzerland)
- Real-World Evidence for DTx Validation - Digital Therapeutics-2026 (Spain)
- Regenerative Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine - ANESTHESIA MEET 2025 (France)
- Regional Anesthesia and Acute Pain - ANESTHESIA MEET 2025 (France)
- Regulatory Challenges in Multinational Clinical Trials - Healthcare Congress 2026 (Spain)
- Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations in Clinical Trials - EURO CLINICAL TRIALS 2025 (Switzerland)
- Regulatory Considerations for Biomarker Validation - Biomarkers-2025 (France)
- Regulatory Trends in Global DTx Approval - Digital Therapeutics-2026 (Spain)
- Reimbursement Models for Digital Interventions - Digital Therapeutics-2026 (Spain)
- Reproductive and Sexual Health - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Reproductive and Sexual Health - Womens Health 2026 (Canada)
- Reproductive Medicine - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Reproductive, Perinatal & Pediatric Epidemiology - Public Health 2026 (France)
- Role of CROs (Contract Research Organizations) in Clinical Trials - EURO CLINICAL TRIALS 2025 (Switzerland)
- Role of Proteomics in Biomarker Discovery - Biomarkers-2025 (France)
- Screening and Early Detection - preventive medicine 2025 (France)
- Senescence - Aging 2025 (Spain)
- Sexual and Reproductive Rights - Womens Health-2026 (Thailand)
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) - Public Health 2026 (France)
- Sexually Transmitted Infection - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Side Effects of Anesthesia and Management - ANESTHESIA MEET 2025 (France)
- Smart Hospitals & Digital Clinics for Integrative Care - Healthcare IT 2025 (France)
- Social Determinants of Health - Public Health 2026 (France)
- Sociology of Health and Medicine - Healthcare Management 2025 (Netherlands)
- Species Immunity - Innateimmunity 2025 (UAE)
- Spiritual and Psychological Support - Hospice 2025 (France)
- Stem Cells and Ageing - Geriatrics Gerontology 2026 (France)
- Stress and Skin Disorders - Aging 2025 (Spain)
- Substance Abuse and Dependency Management - Public Health-2025 (France)
- Surgical Nursing - Patientcare_2025 (France)
- Sustainable Approaches in Global Health Research - Healthcare Congress 2026 (Spain)
- Technology-Driven Public Health - preventive medicine 2025 (France)
- Telehealth & Telemedicine in Alternative and Holistic Care - Healthcare IT 2025 (France)
- Telehealth in Clinical Follow-Up and Longitudinal Studies - Healthcare Congress 2026 (Spain)
- Telehealth in Hospice and Palliative Care - Hospice 2025 (France)
- Telehealth Innovations - Patientcare_2025 (France)
- Telemedicine and Digital Health Economics - Health Economics 2026 (France)
- Telemedicine and Remote Health Services - Public Health-2025 (France)
- Telemedicine in Preventive Healthcare - preventive medicine 2025 (France)
- The Future of Antiviral Therapy for Tropical Infections - Tropical Diseases 2025 (Italy)
- The Role of Climate Change in Infectious Disease Spread - Tropical Diseases 2025 (Italy)
- The Role of Public Health Education - Tropical Diseases 2025 (Italy)
- The Role of Vaccines in Combating Tropical Infectious Diseases - Tropical Diseases 2025 (Italy)
- Therapeutic applications - Innateimmunity 2025 (UAE)
- Tuberculosis and Co-Infections in the Tropics - Tropical Diseases 2025 (Italy)
- Types of Nursing - Patientcare_2025 (France)
- Unintended pregnancy - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Urogynecology - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Urogynecology and Pelvic Floor Disorders - Womens Health-2026 (Thailand)
- Vaccination and Immunization Programs - preventive medicine 2025 (France)
- Validation of Biomarkers in Real-World Settings - Biomarkers-2025 (France)
- Violence Against Women - Womens Health-2026 (Thailand)
- Violence Against Women and Health Consequences - Womens Health 2026 (Canada)
- Virtual Reality Applications in Therapeutic Care - Digital Therapeutics-2026 (Spain)
- Voice and Chatbot Interfaces for Therapy Delivery - Digital Therapeutics-2026 (Spain)
- Wearable Technology & IoT for Remote Health Monitoring - Healthcare IT 2025 (France)
- Wearables and IoT in Remote Patient Monitoring - Healthcare Congress 2026 (Spain)
- Wearables and Remote Monitoring in DTx - Digital Therapeutics-2026 (Spain)
- Woman’s Oncology - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Women and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) - Womens Health 2026 (Canada)
- Women Health Nursing - Patientcare_2025 (France)
- Women’s Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors - Womens Health-2026 (Thailand)
- Women’s health - Euro Womens Health 2025 (France)
- Women’s Health - Public Health 2026 (France)
- Women’s Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries - Womens Health-2026 (Thailand)
- Workplace Health and Safety - preventive medicine 2025 (France)
- Young Women's Health and Adolescent Care - Womens Health 2026 (Canada)
- Zoonotic Diseases - Tropical Diseases 2025 (Italy)