Immune Response

The immune system plays a vital role in defending the body against potentially harmful substances by identifying and responding to antigens foreign or abnormal molecules typically found on the surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria. In addition to living pathogens, non-living substances such as toxins, chemicals, drugs, or even foreign particles like splinters can also act as antigens. Once detected, the immune system launches a targeted response to eliminate or neutralize these threats.

Every cell in the body carries surface proteins that function as self-antigens, including a specialized group known as HLA (human leukocyte antigen) antigens. Over time, the immune system learns to recognize these as "self" and typically avoids attacking them, maintaining a delicate balance between defence and tolerance.

Immunity particularly innate immunity is the natural defence system you're born with. It serves as the body's first line of defence, forming physical and chemical barriers (such as skin, mucous membranes, and secretions) that prevent harmful substances from entering and causing harm. This immediate, non-specific response acts as a crucial frontline safeguard while the more specialized adaptive immune system prepares a longer-term defence.

 

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